You need to strip the brake to see what is wrong.
It is likely that the problem is as Farrang says, dirt causing the piston to stick.
However it may also be that the piston / caliper has worn to the extent that the piston has 'tipped' at some time and the piston is seizing in the caliper.
The brake fluid should be replaced with brake fluid of a similar type. If you don't know what brake fluid is in there, then it is probably time to drain the entire system and replace the fluid, so you know it isn't contaminated with water / corrosion products and is filled with compatible fluid.
"Brake fluids with different DOT ratings can not always be mixed. It must be of the same type, and at least the same rating. DOT 5.1 can replace DOT 4 and 3, DOT 4 can replace DOT 3. DOT 5 should not be mixed with any of these as mixing of glycol with silicone fluid may cause corrosion because of trapped moisture." Wikipedia
At one time some brake rubber was incompatible with some of the brake fluids, but unless you are using DOT 2 (castor oil based fluid) you should be OK.
You should always adjust the brake pads so that piston movement is at the minimum needed, the further out the piston moves the more leverage can be exerted to tilt and wear the moving parts and the more chance there is of grit getting drawn back when the piston retracts.
If you want a different movement of your foot, either long or short, then adjust the position of the rod on the brake pedal, not move the pads more.
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