Before even going as far as taxing people who have more children, it would make sense to stop incentivizing them to do it.
In Europe, many countries actively encourage people to have large families while disincentivizing them to work ! Its nuts when you think about it but its true. Take Britain for example... a single person on a reasonable salary with no children will pay most tax and draw least from state and other resources. If that person has 10 children their tax bill will be dramatically decreased and a whole host of state support goodies will kick in - free housing etc... If that person decides not to work, not only will they pay no tax... the state will actually pay them ! Yet in both of the last two cases, this person will place a far greater burden on the state and cause a far greater consumption of resources for generations into the future.
I know I'd be burnt at the cross by socialists, but I would suggest that the state does not cushion people who act irresponsibily and have tons of kids. If you decide to bring a child into the world, then you will need to ensure you earn enough to support that child and yourself. The state won't help you. Its simple economics. If you're unable to do that then you will be causing neglect to the child and it will be taken into care. Its tough medicine but its not right for the state to penalize those who do behave responsibily to support those who don't.
In developing countries... a simple start would be to introduce birth control - the pill, condoms etc...
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